Echoes & Reflections

RESOURCE OVERVIEW

EDUCATOR RESOURCE: TEACHING ABOUT GENOCIDE

As students study the Holocaust, they frequently—and understandably—struggle with understanding not only how the Holocaust was able to happen, but also why and how genocide continues to occur in the world, and what has been, and can be, done to prevent such atrocities from occurring.

This multipart resource is intended to help teachers support students’ understanding of genocide in the context of their Holocaust education.

Why is it valuable to teach about genocide in the context of learning about the Holocaust?

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The International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance (IHRA) provides a helpful rationale[1] that has informed the creation of this resource:

•   The Holocaust is often considered to have given rise to our conceptualization of the term "genocide," which was coined during the Second World War, in large measure as a response to the crimes of the Nazis and their collaborators. Therefore the Holocaust can be an effective starting point and the foundation for studying genocide.

•   Students can sharpen their understanding not only of similarities between events but also of key differences. In so doing, it may be an opportunity to better understand the particular historical significance of the Holocaust, and how study of the Holocaust may contribute to our understanding of other genocidal events.

•   Students can identify common patterns and processes in the development of genocidal situations. Through the understanding of a genocidal process and by identifying stages and warning signs in this process, a contribution can hopefully be made to prevent future genocides.

•   Students can appreciate the significance of the Holocaust in the development of international law, establishment of tribunals, and attempts by the international community to respond to genocide in the modern world.

•   Students can gain awareness of the potential danger for other genocides and crimes against humanity that existed prior to the Holocaust and continue to the present day. This may strengthen an awareness of their own roles and responsibilities in the global community.

[1] "Education Working Group Paper on the Holocaust and Other Genocides" (2010)

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WHAT IS GENOCIDE?

The most important first step is to define genocide. This video provides an overview of the legal definition of genocide, some historical examples and testimonies, and reasons why the study of genocide is relevant to students today.

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WHAT IS GENOCIDE?

HOW TO USE THIS RESOURCE

These materials are intended to give teachers a framework to teach about genocide in the context of their Holocaust education preparation and teaching. Resources include:

1 Glossary of Essential Terms: This resource includes definitions of essential terms to help frame an introduction to genocide, providing students with language to discuss complex issues associated with genocide. Many of these terms are also found in the Audio Glossary.

2 Examining the Stages of Genocide: The framework for this resource is Gregory Stanton’s “10 Stages of Genocide.” Each stage is defined, and accompanied by 2-3 testimony clips that illustrate each stage as it occurred in different genocides. Also included are “preventive measures” alongside the definition of each stage of genocide so students can see potential positive actions, as well as guiding questions to support learning and understanding.

3 Additional Resources: These resources are separated into three categories: resources for activism, resources for further study of genocide, and resources to learn more about specific cases of genocide. Note that what one defines as genocide can be highly controversial. The case studies included here are not meant to be a definitive list; rather, they are drawn from the testimonies in USC Shoah Foundation – the Institute for Visual History and Education’s archive.

Additional Considerations
• A central tenant of the Echoes & Reflections methodology is the use of primary source materials, which we have provided in the form of visual history testimonies. Learn more about the Echoes & Reflections pedagogy here.

• To help guide lesson planning, consult Using Visual History in the Classroom, which provides guidance on effective classroom use of testimony.

• Teachers seeking a more comprehensive study of genocide through testimony are encouraged to explore full testimonies and other teaching materials available in IWitness.

• One of the biggest challenges in teaching about genocide is the upsetting nature of the material. As this is meant to be an introductory resource, the testimony clips included here avoid some of the most graphic descriptions of genocide.

GLOSSARY OF ESSENTIAL TERMS

This resource includes definitions of essential terms to help frame an introduction to genocide, providing students with language to discuss complex issues associated with genocide. Many of these terms are also found in the Audio Glossary.

EXAMINING THE STAGES OF GENOCIDE

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ADDITIONAL RESOURCES

PROGRAMS FOR EDUCATORS: ON-DEMAND WEBINARS

ON-DEMAND WEBINARS

ADVANCED LEARNING PROGRAMS

ECHOES & REFLECTIONS PROGRAM OFFERINGS

Echoes & Reflections professional development programs provide educators with classroom-ready content, sound pedagogy, and instructional strategies to teach about the Holocaust in a meaningful way. Led by expert staff and facilitators, our programs include fundamental, thematic and focused areas of study applicable to a range of curricular school subjects.

Echoes & Reflections is always happy to collaborate to customize our programs based on the needs of a particular district/institution. Contact Program Manager, Jennifer Goss, to learn more and schedule a program.

To download and print a listing of our program offerings, click here.

Foundations of Teaching the Holocaust: History and Pedagogy

These programs are designed to enhance teachers’ knowledge, capacity, and confidence to teach about the Holocaust. Educators are introduced to pedagogical principles and explore classroom lessons, visual history testimonies and other resources that examine aspects of the history and its continued relevance today. Programs can provide broad historical overview grounded in effective instructional strategies or focus on specific themes aligned with Echoes & Reflections Units below:

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Prewar Jewish Life
Antisemitism
Nazi Germany
The Ghettos
The “Final Solution”
Liberation

Liberation
Jewish Resistance
Rescue & Righteous Among the Nations
Complicity & Responsibility
Justice, Life, & Memory After the Holocaust

The Holocaust & Contemporary Connections

Grounded in relevant aspects of Holocaust history, the following programs connect learning to contemporary issues and concerns of today, introducing Echoes & Reflections and supplementary classroom resources to examine these topics with students.

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Antisemitism: Understanding and Countering this Hatred Today
This program helps teachers educate about antisemitism today and its connection with the Holocaust. Educators gain strategies to help students respond to and counter contemporary antisemitism and forms of hate.

Advancing Civic Participation through Holocaust Education
Studying the Holocaust imparts essential lessons of civic values, including justice, tolerance, and the importance of democratic liberties. This program examines how lessons of history can instill the importance of civic action in young people from all backgrounds. By using Echoes pedagogical approach and examining the rise of the Nazi party, participants bridge memory into action and inspire students to participate in political processes in their community.

Analyzing Propaganda and Teaching Media Literacy: The Holocaust as a Case Study
Participants explore the events of the Holocaust through the lens of media, by examining propaganda deployed by the Nazis to discriminate against Jews and other minorities. Educators gain tools to facilitate classroom discussions and support students to analyze media in today’s world.

How We Remember: The Legacy of the Holocaust Today
How did the world respond when the reality of the Holocaust came to light? How can we learn from the international response to crimes against humanity in interpreting memory and history? During this program, educators examine the pursuit of justice at Nuremberg, the effect the trials had on how we understand the Holocaust, how survivors coped with the trauma to build new lives in the aftermath, and how we remember and memorialize the Holocaust today.

It Starts with Words: Teaching the Holocaust to Combat Hate
The Holocaust arose out of antisemitic hatred fueled in part by the power of words. Participants examine the escalation of words to violence, which in turn, became genocide in order to consider where such a progression might have been interrupted. Educators gain tools to apply these lessons to modern day issues faced by students to ensure human dignity for all.

Literature & the Arts

An important element of the Echoes & Reflections approach is the inclusion of multidisciplinary methods to ensure students learn the human story behind the Holocaust. These programs, of particular interest to ELA and Humanities educators, highlight various sources – from literature to photographs – to engage learners.

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Bringing Maus to the Classroom
Art Spiegelman’s Maus broke new ground in its format of the graphic novel to tell the story of the Holocaust, winning a Pulitzer Prize in 1992. In this program, participants analyze Maus to gain insights into using this masterwork to teach the Holocaust and learn instructional strategies for teaching about this history with graphic novels.

Creating Context for Teaching Night
Prepare students to read and comprehend Elie Wiesel’s Night within the larger historical framework of the Holocaust. Educators discover materials and instructional strategies that support effective teaching of the memoir and provide additional background to integrate into classroom instruction.

Dare to Dream: Teaching Compassion through Holocaust Literature Beyond Anne Frank
In this program, educators examine diaries and poetry from Jewish youth during the Holocaust to build a connection to the ways in which young people still dared to dream in the face of loss, rupture, and fear. Participants consider how to use these literary selections to help to create empathy and provoke compassion with their students.

Teaching the Holocaust Using the Humanities: Integrating Photographs, Literature, Art, and Poetry to tell the Human Story
Educators learn strategies to integrate multiple primary sources into Holocaust instruction with a focus on the human experience. Programs can examine a range of sources or be narrowed to focus on a specific type of source, such as photography, art or poetry, including specific programs on The Auschwitz Album, Photography as Resistance, etc.

The Holocaust & Gender

The Nazi regime subjected women to violence that was unique to the gender of the victims, and examining the Holocaust through this lens creates a more nuanced understanding and insight into the use of gender as a weapon. Programs below also offer opportunities to illustrate how the unique strengths and resilience of women allowed them to navigate some of the most difficult times in history.

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Gender & Genocide
Gender is a critical area of study in genocide scholarship. In this program, participants examine how gender dynamics influenced perpetrators, victims, and bystanders. Specifically as it relates to women, LGBTQ victims, and gender-based violence.

Women in the Holocaust
During the escalation of violence and worsening conditions in ghettos and camps during the Holocaust, the majority of women and mothers focused on daily survival. Drawing on Echoes & Reflections lessons and other sources, this program examines the dilemmas that women and mothers faced and their attempts to resist dehumanization and death. Program can be tailored to focus on women who were awarded the title “Righteous Among the Nations.”

Women in Resistance: Fierce Females
During the Holocaust, women were often at the heart of resistance, whether spiritual, cultural or armed. This program, highlighting Echoes & Reflections resources, focuses on the role of the female “couriers” and the part they played in armed resistance. This story, often overshadowed by stories of armed resistance in the ghettos of Europe, offers a powerful example of incredible bravery exhibited by a group of Jewish girls and women.

EDUCATOR RESOURCE: VIDEO TOOLBOX

VIDEO TOOLBOX

Echoes & Reflections is proud to partner with USC Shoah Foundation, Hold On To Your Music Foundation, and Discovery Education to bring the Willesden READS Program to students and teachers in select cities across the United States.

Discover teaching resources to support the Willesden READS and more at The Willesden Project.

THE STORY

The Children of Willesden Lane–editions now available for readers across grade levels-is the best-selling story about the power of music and how one teenage refugee, Lisa Jura, Mona’s mother, held onto her dreams, survived the Holocaust and inspired a generation of her contemporaries. Today's worldwide humanitarian crises and the importance of standing up against bigotry and hatred are reflected in the continued, growing relevance of this story.

THE PROGRAM

The centerpiece event of the Willesden READS Program is a 50-minute one of a kind livestreamed event including a theatrical performance and concert based on the The Children of Willesden Lane story. More than one million students across the world have experienced the Willesden READS program. During this special remote event, students will have opportunities to interact with the book's author, performer and virtuoso concert pianist Mona Golabek, who offers uplifting messages of resilience and hope for students at a time when they most need it.

In advance of the livestream event, educators are invited to participate in professional development, provided by Echoes & Reflections, to deepen understanding of the historical context of The Children of Willesden Lane books and to learn to incorporate companion resources found in IWitness, USC Shoah Foundation's educational website, into their teaching.

Watch this brief video to learn more about the Willesden READS Program.

STATE BY STATE: HOLOCAUST EDUCATION LEGISLATION

Currently in the United States, 12 states mandate Holocaust education, 5 have permissive statutes (legislation that is not a requirement), 14 support a Holocaust education commission or taskforce, 4 have legislation pending, and 22 have no legislation regarding Holocaust education (note: some states may fall into multiple categories).

Tap the button below to review state legislation. Visit this page on desktop to explore an interactive map.

For questions, and for more information on our offerings and/or on Holocaust education in your state, please contact us at info@echoesandreflections.org.

STUDENTS' TOUGHEST QUESTIONS

As students study the Holocaust, they will — and should — have lots of questions. Answering and engaging in discussion about these and other questions that arise in the classroom is a valuable opportunity to refute incorrect information, add additional content and context, and deepen learning.

Why did Hitler choose the swastika to be the symbol of the Nazi Party?

The swastika is an ancient symbol, possibly up to 7,000 years old, that has been used as a positive symbol of good luck and success. Because of its link to ancient Eurasian and Indian civilizations, the Nazis appropriated the swastika to connect themselves to the ancient Aryans, who they believed were a blond, blue-eyed race originating in India that had migrated to Europe by way of Asia. They were considered by German and Nazi racial thought to be the creators of human civilization. The swastika for the Nazis and their followers came to stand for the greatness of the Aryan race, its culture, and ancient nature.

Why didn’t Germans speak out against laws that stripped Jews of their rights after the Nazis came to power?

One of the first things the Nazi regime did when it came to power in 1933 was to establish concentration camps for its political opponents to suppress opposition. The Nazis used these camps, together with other measures that terrorized Germany’s population, to ensure that the atmosphere in Germany would be one of fear, terror, and conformity. In addition, antisemitism existed in Germany prior to the rise of the Nazis, and Nazi propaganda exploited this antisemitism to marginalize Jews. Nazi legislation progressively isolated and stripped Jews of their rights. The combination of terror, propaganda, and pre-existing prejudice against Jews created a situation where Germans were afraid to speak out in general, and were even less likely to speak out on behalf of the Jews. Moreover, there was not a significant and clear moral authority (like the Church) that encouraged people to voice their dissent. Lastly, there was a significant element of the German population that agreed with what the Nazis were doing.

Why didn’t Jews leave Germany when they saw what was happening in the 1930s?

Many Jewish people did leave Germany and Nazi-occupied territories in the 1930s. However, many others were not able to leave. The German Jews were one of the oldest Jewish communities in Europe. They were proud citizens who saw themselves as no less German than their non-Jewish neighbors. When the persecution of Jews began, it was difficult for most to grasp that anyone could strip them of their rights as Germans, let alone murder them. In the 1930s, the Nazis themselves were far from formulating a policy of murder. The elements of persecution didn’t begin all at once, but evolved over time. It started with a boycott of Jewish businesses, much street violence against Jews, and a series of laws that took away rights gradually. The biggest obstacle to emigration was finding a safe haven and organizing departure. The bureaucratic process in Germany itself was difficult, Jewish funds in Germany were blocked by the government, and obtaining visas to enter possible countries of refuge was very difficult. Some families couldn’t afford the fees associated with emigration; others were unable to secure the proper paperwork guaranteeing employment and other conditions to be met in a new country. Still others, even those with the financial means to emigrate, could not find a country willing to accept them (see #4 below). A powerful example of this is presented in the story of the MS St. Louis, in the Echoes & Reflections unit on Complicity and Responsibility. In all, over 25% of the Jewish population fled Germany between 1933 and 1938. With the outbreak of WWII, emigration became more difficult, until the Nazi government finally prohibited it altogether in October 1941. Despite the difficulties, from the end of 1938 until autumn 1941 another third of German Jewry managed to leave.

Why were so many countries, including the United States, unwilling to accept Jews who wanted to leave Germany?

There are interlocking reasons why countries were unwilling to accept Jews who wanted to leave Germany or were willing to accept only relatively few. The first was the belief that new immigrants would take already scant jobs, especially during the Great Depression. Second, to differing degrees, negative attitudes and stereotypes about Jews made Jewish immigrants even more unwelcome than others. In the United States in particular, in the period following two huge waves of immigration between the 1880s and the early 1920s, a surge of isolationism, hatred of strangers, and anti-immigration attitudes swept the country. This resulted in quotas for all immigrants and limitation of certain groups considered ethnically or racially undesirable based on country of origin from entering the country. In 1938, at the Evian Conference, President Roosevelt convened representatives of other nations of the world to address the issue of the rising numbers of Jewish refugees. During the conference it became clear that neither the United States nor any other country but one would volunteer to open its doors widely. Only the tiny Dominican Republic agreed to do so, in exchange for large sums of money.

Did people who lived near ghettos and camps know what was going on? Why didn’t they do anything to stop what was happening, were they afraid?

Yes, many people knew what was happening, often in quite a bit of detail. Even after the Nazis and their collaborators implemented the “Final Solution” and tried to obscure their brutal activities, many people even far from the scene of murder still had access to quite a bit of information―through letters, soldiers home on leave, business people and others who had been to the areas where murder was happening, etc. It is true that some people made an effort not to understand and willingly chose to ignore what was happening. The frequently uttered mantra “we didn’t know” by Germans and others after the war was more of an attempt to avoid responsibility than it was a statement of fact. The totalitarian nature of the Nazi regime meant that fear of punishment may have been a factor. However, it is important to remember that even in the most oppressive regimes, individuals retain the ability to make decisions about how they will behave. There may not have been much that could have been done to stop the “Final Solution” as a phenomenon; however, it was still possible to help on an individual basis in certain situations. Nothing is a more striking example of this than those people across Europe who, at great peril, chose to risk their lives to aid Jews. To date, 27,921 of these individuals and groups have been recognized as “Righteous Among the Nations” for their efforts. Since each ghetto was different, the possibilities of giving help also varied. Help was much less possible for Jews already interned in labor or concentration camps, except by camp personnel.

When did the United States realize what was happening to Jews in Europe and what was the response?

Information about the mass murders of Jews began to reach the US (and the rest of the world) soon after these actions began in the Soviet Union in late June, 1941. There were news stories in many American newspapers, though reports about incidents of persecution were generally placed on the back pages of these papers for various reasons, including skepticism about the reliability of the reports. By the winter of 1942, the US and the Allies had enough information to issue a proclamation condemning the “extermination” of the Jewish people in Europe and declaring that they would punish the perpetrators. Notwithstanding this, it remains unclear to what extent Allied and neutral leaders understood the full import of their information. The shock of senior Allied commanders who liberated camps at the end of the war may indicate that this understanding was not necessarily complete.

What was the role of the Catholic Church during the Holocaust?

It is not easy to assess the role of the Catholic Church during the Holocaust because the Church itself is multifaceted. There were different responses at different times and in different places by Pope Pius XII, the leadership in the Vatican, cardinals, bishops, priests, nuns, and lay people. It could be said that in Nazi-dominated Europe, Church leaders’ first priority was to keep the Church as fully intact as possible. The Vatican faced a threat from the Nazis as well as from Communism. It sought to protect itself from Nazism by reaching official agreement with the Reich by which the Vatican recognized the political legitimacy of Nazi Germany, in exchange for a guarantee that the Nazis would not interfere with Catholic institutions. The issue of the persecution of Jews, therefore, was not the Vatican’s first priority, and speaking out clearly about it was apparently considered to be very risky. There were examples of priests who played a central role in the murder of the Jews, yet there were also members of the clergy who opposed the persecution of the Jews, some vocally and some by their rescue actions. For example, quite a few convents became places of refuge for Jews in hiding, especially children.

Why didn’t the Jews fight back?

Many Jews did fight back; some with weapons, some by doing whatever they could to stay alive or by helping others stay alive, and some fought back by maintaining their human dignity. In many ghettos, Jewish organizations did their best to distribute food and medicines. In many places, Jews organized cultural, educational, and religious activities, which were expressions of their human spirit. Many also tried to flee or hide beyond the ghetto borders, often with false papers as non-Jews. All these actions are forms of resistance. Please see the Echoes & Reflections unit on Jewish Resistance for additional discussion. As Jews became aware of the fact that the Nazis were out to annihilate them, armed underground organizations came into being. In more than 100 ghettos, groups prepared for armed resistance against the Nazis. Armed resistance is discussed specifically here. The longest armed uprising occurred during three weeks in the spring of 1943 in the Warsaw ghetto. Some Jews escaped from ghettos that were relatively near to forests, mountains, or swamps—areas more suitable for hiding and for partisan activities. Partisan activities are elaborated on here. In several Nazi camps, Jews, sometimes with other prisoners, engaged in armed uprisings. In three of the six extermination camps—Treblinka, Sobibor, and Auschwitz-Birkenau—Jewish prisoners fought back. Jews also escaped from many camps.

Why were Jews singled out for mass murder; why did people hate them so much?

The answer to this question goes back to the long history of Jew-hatred in Western Civilization. Living in many countries as a minority, Jews continued to practice their own religion, Judaism, which was different from their neighbors’ religions. Jews were kept apart and not allowed to integrate into society until the modern period. Over centuries, many negative stereotypes about them took root. Jews became the ultimate “other.” For example, one of the most incendiary accusations made against the Jews was that they had killed Jesus and deserved to be eternally punished. This accusation was officially rejected by the Catholic Church in Nostra Aetate, passed during the Second Ecumenical Council of the Vatican (known as Vatican II), in 1965. The Nazis, in particular, had a racial view of the world, and saw Jewishness as a race more than a religion. They adopted the idea that the Jewish “race” was the cause of all the world’s ills (especially communism, modernization, and capitalism) and their foremost enemy. They believed the Jews sought to dominate the world and enslave and destroy the Nordic Aryan race (the Germans). The Nazis believed that they had to get rid of this “Jewish Problem”; their “Final Solution” was murder. For more on the historical basis for antisemitism, see the Echoes & Reflections unit, Antisemitism, and more particularly, the Summary of Antisemitism.

How were the Nazis able to identify who was Jewish, especially in places where they were assimilated?

Nazis were able to identify Jews throughout Europe, whether or not they were assimilated. They used records such as tax returns, membership lists in synagogues (or parish lists for converted Jews), police registration forms, and census information. Information was also provided by people who knew their neighbors were Jewish. This was true especially in occupied territories during the war. The Nazis employed local intelligence networks and individuals who were willing to identify Jews because they received rewards for doing so. These people may not always have personally known the Jews they betrayed to the Nazis, so they also used outward appearances, accents in their speech, and other clues to identify those they suspected of being Jewish. In addition, Jewish men were physically marked by circumcision, and as such could be easily identified.

Did some Jews collaborate with the Nazis?

We must be careful in using the word “collaboration” too broadly since every Jew was under a death sentence once the Nazis had adopted the policy of the “Final Solution.” The word “collaboration,” with its negative moral connotation, does not fit many of the “choiceless choices” made by Jews out of fear and terror, hoping to save their own lives or the lives of their families, or to improve impossible conditions (in a ghetto or camp). There is a great difference between this type of cooperation and collaborating with the Nazis out of ideology, greed or profit motive, a choice made by those who collaborated as bureaucrats, informants, hunters of Jews in hiding, and even hands-on murderers. There were cases where Jews collaborated, but these black-and-white cases are rare; more frequently Jews cooperated or submitted in a very gray area, facing the threat of death.

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